Pass the -m32 option to gcc to compile for ix86. You may find binutils-multiarch useful as well, and ia32-libs-dev on Debian. For development, install gcc-multilib, and again possibly other packages that depend on it such as g++-multilib. Your 32-bit executables should simply run if you have all the required libraries. Install the ia32-libs package to have a basic set of 32-bit libraries, and possibly other packages that depend on this one. In older releases, Debian and Ubuntu ship with a number of 32-bit libraries on amd64. See warl0ck's answer for a simple, up-to-date answer. See Ubuntu or Debian wiki more information. Current Debian and Ubuntu have multiarch support: You can mix x86_32 (i386) and x86_64 (amd64) packages on the same system in a straightforward way.
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